Biology is a life science that deals with living organisms and their functions. All of us know that cells in the body are essential for life and living things. They are the building blocks of life.
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Depending upon the fundamental structure of cells, all living organisms can be divided into two groups: they are prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Prokaryotes are organisms made up of cells that do not have a cell nucleus or any membrane encased organelles. Eukaryotes are made up of cells that possess a membrane bound nucleus (which holds genetic material) and membrane bound organelles. Learning such Biology topics can be overwhelming for many students when they prepare for their Biology exams. Learn how to prepare for your Biology exams by reading the following article
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What are cells?
Look at the definition given below about cell
“Living things are chemical organizations composed of cells and capable of reproducing themselves. (Keeton 1986, 85).”
We can find this definition rooted in two theories called cell theory and biogenesis theory. Cell theory was first proposed by two German scientists namely Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann in late 1830s. It states that all living things are composed of cells. Biogenesis theory was proposed by Rudolf Virchow in 1858. It states that all living cells arise from living (existing) cells and no cells are created spontaneously from non-living matter.
Function of cells
Cells organize things and keep chemical processes compartmentalized so that individual cell processes do not interfere with other cells and go about with their work of metabolizing, reproducing etc. Cells keep chemical processes tidy as well.
Cell membranes
In order to organize things, cell components are enclosed in a membrane. It serves as a barrier between cell’s internal chemistry and the outside world. Cell membrane is a selective barrier letting some chemicals in and other chemicals out and thus maintains that balance which is necessary for the cell to live.
Cell membrane regulates the crossing of chemicals in and out of the cell in many ways like
Diffusion: it is the tendency of solute molecules to minimize concentration and thus move from one area of higher concentration to the area of lower concentration till concentrations equalize.
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Osmosis: It is the movement of the concentration across a selective boundary in order to equalize the concentration of a solute which is unable to move across the boundary.
Selective transport: Selective transport is via membrane channels and membrane pumps.
What are Prokaryotes?
Prokaryotes are organisms which are made up of cells which do not have a nucleus cell or any membrane- encased organelles. It means that the genetic material DNA in prokaryotes is not bound within a nucleus. More over the DNA is less structured in prokaryotes than in Eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, DNA is a single loop. In eukaryotes, DNA is organized into chromosomes. Most prokaryotes are unicellular (organized with a single cell).A few of them are multi cellular (made with collections of cells). Prokaryotes are divided into two by scientists: the Bacteria and the Archaea.
A typical prokaryotic cell contains the following parts
- Cell wall
- Plasma membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Flagella and pili
- Nucleoid
- Plasmid
Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes are organisms made of cells which possess a membrane- bound nucleus (which holds genetic material) and membrane- bound organelles. The genetic material in eukaryotes is contained within a nucleus within the cell and DNA is organized into chromosomes. Eurkayotic organisms are either single celled or multi celled. All animals are eukaryotes and plants, fungi and protists are also eukaryotes.
A typical eukaryote cell contains the following parts
- Plasma membrane
- Nucleolus
- Nucleus
- Chromosomes
- Rhibosome
- Vesicle
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Golgi apparatus
- Cytoskeleton
- Cytoplasm
- Lysosome
- Centrioles
- Mitochondria
Thus, prokaryotes and eukaryotes form an important study in Cell Biology and they have many interesting features to observe. If you want to know more about them in detail, you can contact an online tutor for biology and learn such topics with ease in personalized sessions with white board diagrams via the tutor.
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